16CrMnNiMo9-5-2*

General Information

Ovako 277 is an air hardenable steel that is suitable for case hardening, nitriding or quench and tempering. By using air-hardening or gas quenching it is possible to reduce the amount of quenching distortion. Additionally the use of quenching medias such as oil and salt can be avoided, which improves both safety and environment. It is produced in two quality classes.

277L - Variant with regulated sulphur content for optimized machinability.

277Q - IQ Isotropic Quality for improved properties transverse to the rolling direction and better fatigue strength due to higher cleanliness level with a finer size distribution of non-metallic inclusions. The steel grade is made according to new process that modifies the the inclusion morphology, i.e. a lower number of elongated sulfides and reduced size distribution of oxides, both in avarage and in the spread. By using air hardenig or gas quenching it is feasible to reduce the amount of queching distorsion.

Ovako 277 steels has very good welding properties. The steels high hardenability and good toughness properties provide a heat-affected zone that meets the high stated demands for the bulk material. Ovako 277Q will be classified as a Group 3 steel according to the standard Welding - Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system (ISO/TR 15608:2005). Depending on heat treatment execution (yield strength) Ovako 277Q may be classified into subgroup 3.1 or 3.2. Maximum hardness that may be obtained in the HAZ of Ovako 277Q will be 450 HV10kg.

IQ-Steel^®
(Isotropic Quality) is an isotropic quality ultra clean steel. IQ-Steel is optimized for fatigue strength by a strict control of steel cleanliness. IQ-Steel, a further development of BQ-Steel, is an isotropic and ultra clean steel with properties that match re-melted steels. Based on thousands of examinations by Ovako into the effects of defects on fatigue performance, the metallurgy of IQ-Steel is purer and far more consistent than conventional grades, and designed specifically to perform well in multi axial loading. This enables the manufacturing of lighter, slimmed down components like gears, bearings and other critical parts. The steels are helping our customers to achieve new design solutions and implement higher standards of finished product performance. Key to these practical advantages are Ovako’s own unique, clean and consistent modern steelmaking processes that remove harmful inclusions and impurities from within the steel. IQ-Steels contain smaller and more fragmented inclusions and can handle much higher mechanical forces in all directions than conventional steels. IQ-Steels are newer, but already now well established in high pressure automotive applications. Modern diesel engines, with high and cyclic injection pressures, have proven to be an ideal application. Transmission components are another emerging area of strong interest.

* Designation followed by "*" is not an official EN standard grade but named according to the rules in EN 10027.

IQ-Steel^®

IQ-Steel® is an isotropic quality ultra clean steel optimized for high fatigue strength under multi axial loading.

Similar designations

16CrMoV8-5, 16CrMoV8-5*

Variant	Cast	Weldability		C %	Si %	Mn %	P %	S %	Cr %	Ni %	Mo %	V %
277L	IC	CEV 1.08_max	Min	0.14	0.05	1.20	-	0.015	2.10	0.45	0.45	0.150
Pcm 0.45_max	Max	0.17	0.15	1.40	0.020	0.023	2.30	0.55	0.55	0.250
277Q	IC	CEV 1.08_max	Min	0.14	0.15	1.20	-	-	2.10	0.45	0.45	0.150
Pcm 0.45_max	Max	0.17	0.30	1.40	0.020	0.002	2.30	0.55	0.55	0.250

Variant

Cast

Weldability

C %

Si %

Mn %

P %

S %

Cr %

Ni %

Mo %

V %

277L

CEV 1.08_max

Min

0.14

0.05

1.20

0.015

2.10

0.45

0.150

Pcm 0.45_max

Max

0.17

0.15

1.40

0.020

0.023

2.30

0.55

0.250

277Q

CEV 1.08_max

Min

0.14

0.15

1.20

2.10

0.45

0.150

Pcm 0.45_max

Max

0.17

0.30

1.40

0.020

0.002

2.30

0.55

0.250

Variant	Condition	Format	Dimension [mm]	Yield strength min [MPa]	Tensile strength [MPa]	Elongation A₅ [%]	Reduction of area Z_min [%]	Hardness	Impact (ISO-V) strength_min
Rp_0.2 * R_eh, ** R_el
277L	+AR	All formats	-	860*	1200 typical	10	60	350 HB typical	-
+QT	All formats	-	600*	< 800	15	75	220 HB typical	-20 °C 70 J (long)
All formats	-	650*	< 800	15	75	240 HB typical	-20 °C 70 J (long)
All formats	-	700*	< 800	15	75	260 HB typical	-20 °C 27 J (long)
+Q	All formats	-	-	-	-	-	430 HB typical	-
+SA	All formats	-	-	-	-	-	170 HB typical	-
277Q	+QT	All formats	-	600*	< 800	15	75	220 HB typical	-20 °C 70 J (long) -20 °C 40 J (transv)
Tube,wall	< 25	650*	720-800	15	75	240 HB typical	-20 °C 70 J (long) -20 °C 40 J (transv)
All formats	-	700*	< 800	15	75	260 HB typical	-20 °C 27 J (long) -20 °C 27 J (transv)
Round bar	24 < 75	650	720-800	15	-	240 HB typical	-40 °C 27 J (long)
Tube,wall	< 25	700	750-800	15	-	260 HB typical	-40 °C 27 J (long) -40 °C 27 J (transv)
Round bar	24 < 75	700	750-800	15	-	260 HB typical	-40 °C 27 J (long) -40 °C 27 J (transv)
Tube,wall	26 < 40	600	660-800	15	-	220 HB typical	-40 °C 70 J (long) -40 °C 40 J (transv)
Round bar	24 < 160	600	660-800	15	-	220 HB typical	-40 °C 70 J (long) -40 °C 40 J (transv)

Variant

Condition

Format

Dimension [mm]

Yield strength min [MPa]

Tensile strength [MPa]

Elongation A₅ [%]

Reduction of area Z_min [%]

Hardness

Impact (ISO-V) strength_min

Rp_0.2 * R_eh, ** R_el

277L

+AR

All formats

860*

1200 typical

350 HB typical

+QT

All formats

600*

< 800

220 HB typical

-20 °C 70 J (long)

All formats

650*

< 800

240 HB typical

-20 °C 70 J (long)

All formats

700*

< 800

260 HB typical

-20 °C 27 J (long)

All formats

430 HB typical

+SA

All formats

170 HB typical

277Q

+QT

All formats

600*

< 800

220 HB typical

-20 °C 70 J (long)
-20 °C 40 J (transv)

Tube,wall

< 25

650*

720-800

240 HB typical

-20 °C 70 J (long)
-20 °C 40 J (transv)

All formats

700*

< 800

260 HB typical

-20 °C 27 J (long)
-20 °C 27 J (transv)

Round bar

24 < 75

650

720-800

240 HB typical

-40 °C 27 J (long)

Tube,wall

< 25

700

750-800

260 HB typical

-40 °C 27 J (long)
-40 °C 27 J (transv)

Round bar

24 < 75

700

750-800

260 HB typical

-40 °C 27 J (long)
-40 °C 27 J (transv)

Tube,wall

26 < 40

600

660-800

220 HB typical

-40 °C 70 J (long)
-40 °C 40 J (transv)

Round bar

24 < 160

600

660-800

220 HB typical

-40 °C 70 J (long)
-40 °C 40 J (transv)

	Temperature °C
MS	399
AC1	741
AC3	852

Temperature °C

399

AC1

741

AC3

852

Treatment	Condition	Temperature cycle	Cooling/quenching
Hot forging	+AR	850-1200°C	Air cool
Quenching	+Q	860-1000°C	In air/gas, oil or water
Soft annealing	+SA	Slow cooling from 750°C to 690°C (8h)	In air
Carburizing	+C	850-930°C See Carbon potential in diagram
Nitriding	+Nt	450-550°C Surface and core hardness, see diagram
Tempering	+T	160-700°C See tempering diagram	In air

Treatment

Condition

Temperature cycle

Cooling/quenching

Hot forging

+AR

850-1200°C

Air cool

Quenching

860-1000°C

In air/gas, oil or water

Soft annealing

+SA

Slow cooling from 750°C to 690°C (8h)

In air

Carburizing

850-930°C See Carbon potential in diagram

Nitriding

+Nt

450-550°C Surface and core hardness, see diagram

Tempering

160-700°C See tempering diagram

In air

Micro inclusions - 277L		Macro inclusions - 277L
Applied standard	ASTM E45	Applied standard	ISO 3763 (Blue fracture)
Sampling	ASTM A295	Sampling	Statistical testing on billets.
Maximum average limits	A	B	C	D	Limits	< 5 mm/dm²
Th	He	Th	He	Th	He	Th	He
2,0	1,5	1,0	0,5	0	0	0,5	0,5

Micro inclusions - 277Q		Macro inclusions - 277Q
Applied standard	DIN 50602 K1	Applied standard	ISO 3763 (Blue fracture)	10 M Hz UST (Ovako internal procedure)
Sampling	Six random samples from final product dimension	Sampling	Statistical testing on billets
Limits	The limit is dimension dependent. The average rating of six samples should not exceed the limits given in the graph	Limits	< 1 mm/dm²	< 10 defects/dm³ > 0,2 mm FBH

Micro inclusions - 277L

Macro inclusions - 277L

Applied standard

ASTM E45

Applied standard

ISO 3763

(Blue fracture)

Sampling

ASTM A295

Sampling

Statistical testing on billets.

Maximum

average limits

Limits

< 5 mm/dm²

2,0

1,5

1,0

0,5

Micro inclusions - 277Q

Macro inclusions - 277Q

Applied standard

DIN 50602 K1

Applied standard

ISO 3763

(Blue fracture)

10 M Hz UST

(Ovako internal procedure)

Sampling

Six random samples from final product dimension

Sampling

Statistical testing on billets

Limits

The limit is dimension dependent. The average rating of six samples should not exceed the

limits given in the graph

Limits

< 1 mm/dm²

< 10 defects/dm³

> 0,2 mm FBH

Youngs module (GPa)	Poisson´s ratio (-)	Shear module (GPa)	Density (kg/m3)
210	0.3	80	7800
Average CTE 20-300°C (µm/m°K)	Specific heat capacity 50/100°C (J/kg°K)	Thermal conductivity Ambient temperature (W/m°K)	Electrical resistivityAmbient temperature (µΩm)
12	460 - 480	40 - 45	0.20 - 0.25

Youngs module (GPa)

Poisson´s ratio (-)

Shear module (GPa)

Density (kg/m3)

210

0.3

7800

Average CTE 20-300°C (µm/m°K)

Specific heat capacity 50/100°C (J/kg°K)

Thermal conductivity Ambient temperature (W/m°K)

Electrical resistivityAmbient temperature (µΩm)

460 - 480

40 - 45

0.20 - 0.25

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Material data sheet

Steel grade

16CrMnNiMo9-5-2*

General Information

Similar designations

Chemical composition

Mechanical Properties

Transformation temperatures

Heat treatment recommendations

Heat Treatment Guide generated Graphs

OVAKO 277

CCT - Ovako 277

Steel cleanliness 277

IQ

Carburizing

Tempering

Welding properties

Machining

Other properties (typical values)

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